Showing posts with label Computer Definition/Computer Basics. Show all posts

Tuesday, October 8, 2019

Data/Information/Input/Output/Input & Output Devices:

Educator Computer Definition/Computer Basics ,

Data:

Raw facts and figures are known as data.

The amounts, characters, or images on which activities are performed by a PC, which might be put away and transmitted as electrical signals and recorded on attractive, optical, or mechanical account media.

Data is a lot of estimations of subjects as for subjective or quantitative factors. Data and data or data is frequently utilized conversely; anyway data becomes data when it is seen in setting or in post-examination.

There are different types of data are available that can be input into the computer:

Text: Text means alphabet or letters that can be entered into computer.

Numbers: Numbers means numbers from 0-9 that can be entered into computer.

Special Symbols: Special symbols are also used as a data for computer system like ~,!,@,#,$,%,^,&,*,(,),{,},|.

Alphanumeric data: Alphanumeric data means combination of alphabet and numbers that can be entered into the computer system.

Information:

Well proceed data is known as Information.Information can be thought of as the goals of vulnerability; it is what addresses the subject of "what an element is" and hence characterizes the two its substance and nature of its qualities. It is related with data, as data speaks to values ascribed to parameters, and data will be data in setting and with importance appended.

Data relates likewise to data, as data means comprehension of a conceptual or solid idea.

Input:
Input is the process to give instructions to the computer system. Devices that are helps to give instructions to the computer system are known as input devices. Some examples of input devices are: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, joystick etc.

In software engineering, the general significance of data is to give or offer something to the PC, at the end of the day, when a PC or gadget is getting an order or sign from external sources, the occasion is alluded to as contribution to the gadget.

Output:

Result given by computer system after processing is known as output. For doing any work on computer system user have to give instructions to the computer system, then computer process these instructions and after processing computer gives result, this result is called output. Devices that help to take or display output are called output devices. Some examples of output devices are: Monitor, printer, plotters, speaker etc.

Any data that is handled by and conveyed from a PC or other electronic gadget is viewed as Output.

Input Device:

Those parts of computer that helps to give input to the computer system are known as input devices like keyboard, mouse, scanner etc.An input device is a part of computer equipment gear used to give data and control signs to a data handling framework, for example, a PC or data apparatus.

Instances of data devices incorporate consoles, mouse, scanners, advanced cameras, joysticks, and receivers.

Output device:

Those parts of computer that helps to take result or output from computer system are known as output devices like monitor, printer, speaker etc.A output device is any part of computer gear which changes over data into intelligible structure. In short, output unit is answerable for giving the output in client desirable structure.

Computer Generations:

Educator Computer Definition/Computer Basics ,

There are five generation of Computer:

First Generation (1940 - 1956)

The First Generation of computer utilized vacuum tubes as a significant bit of innovation. Vacuum tubes were generally utilized in computer from 1940 through 1956. Vacuum tubes were bigger parts and brought about First Generation Computer being very enormous in size, occupying a great deal of room in a room. A portion of the First Generation Computer occupied a whole space.

The ENIAC is an incredible case of an First Generation Computer. It comprised of almost 20,000 vacuum tubes, just as 10,000 capacitors and 70,000 resistors. It weighed more than 30 tons and occupied a great deal of room, requiring an enormous space to house it. Different instances of First Generation PCs incorporate the EDSAC, IBM 701, and Manchester Mark 1.

 First generation computer was the large computer.
 It was produced more heat.
 Its speed was very slow.
 It was required more electricity.
 It was used a technology i.e. vacuum tube.

Second Generation (1956 - 1963)

The Second Generation of computer saw the utilization of transistors rather than vacuum tubes. Transistors were broadly utilized in computer from 1956 to 1963. Transistors were littler than vacuum tubes and permitted PCs to be littler in size, quicker in speed, and less expensive to construct.

The main computer to utilize transistors was the TX-0 and was presented in 1956. Different PCs that pre-owned transistors incorporate the IBM 7070, Philco Transac S-1000, and RCA 501.
 Second generation computer size was smaller than first generation computer.
 It was produced heat less than first generation computer.
 Second generation computer speed was faster than first generation.
 It was required less electricity than first generation computer.
 It was used a technology i.e. transistor.

Third Generation (1964 - 1971)

The Third Generation of computer presented the utilization of IC (incorporated circuits) in PCs. Utilizing IC's in PCs decreased the size of PCs considerably more contrasted with second-age PCs, just as make them quicker.

Almost all PCs since the mid to late 1960s have used IC's. While the Third Generation is considered by numerous individuals to have crossed from 1964 to 1971, IC's are as yet utilized in PCs today. More than 45 years after the fact, the present PCs have profound roots returning to the Third Generation.

 Third generation computer size was smaller than first & second generation computer.
 It was produced heat less than first & second generation computer.
 Its speed was faster than first and second generation computer.
 It was required less electricity than first & second generation computer.
 It was used a technology i.e. IC.

Fourth Generation (1972 - 2010)

The Fourth Generation of computer exploited the innovation of the chip, all the more generally known as a CPU. Microchips, alongside incorporated circuits, helped make it feasible for computer to fit effectively on a work area and for the presentation of the computer.

Probably the soonest PCs to utilize a chip incorporate the Altair 8800, IBM 5100, and Micral. The present PCs despite everything utilize a chip, in spite of the Fourth Generation being considered to have finished in 2010.

 Fourth generation computer size is smaller than first, second & third generation computer.
 It produced heat less than first, second & third generation computer.
 Its speed is faster than first, second & third generation computer.
 It’s required less electricity than first, second & third generation computer.
 It used VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology.

Fifth Generation (2010 to introduce)

The Fifth Generation of computer is starting to utilize AI (Artificial reasoning), an energizing innovation that has numerous potential applications around the globe. Jumps have been made in AI innovation and computer, however there is still a lot of opportunity to get better.

One of the more notable instances of AI in PCs is IBM's Watson, which has been highlighted on the TV show Jeopardy as a challenger. Other better-realized models remember Apple's Siri for the iPhone and Microsoft's Cortana on Windows 8 and Windows 10 PCs. The Google web crawler additionally uses AI to process client look.

 Fifth generation computer size is smaller than other generation computer.
 It produced less heat than other generations’ computer.
 It is speed very fast.
 It’s required less electricity.
 It has large memory.
 Fifth generation computer used artificial intelligence.
 Fifth generation computer is Super Computer.

Types of Computer based on working Principle:

Educator Computer Definition/Computer Basics ,

Based on working Principle the PC can be characterized into three types:-

1. Analog PC
2. Digital PC

3. Hybrid PC

1. Analog Computer–Analog Computers works with analog signals. It is utilized to process simple information. Simple computer works by estimating as opposed to tallying. A simple computer estimates constant electrical or physical extents like voltage, pressure, water stream etc.An simple PC can acknowledge inputs which shift with time and force and straightforwardly apply them to different gadgets which perform wanted activity. It produces yield as diagram.

These computers are for the most part utilized in process control plants.

Analog computers store data of physical quantities and perform calculations. It different from digital computer. These are excellent for situations which require data to be measured directly without converting into codes. Analog computer was the earliest computer machines.

Analog computer was mostly used in scientific and industrial applications. In the year 1950 to 1960s it was used some applications like aircraft flight, teaching control systems.The disadvantage of the mechanical electrical analogy is that electronics are limited by the range over which the variables may vary thanks to the fixed supply voltage.

Electronic analog computers:

If one considers an easy mass–spring system, constructing the physical system would require making or modifying the springs and much .It would be followed by attaching them to every other and an appropriate anchor, collecting equipment with the acceptable input range, and eventually , taking measurements.

The electrical equivalent are often created with a couple of operational amplifiers (op amps) and a few passive linear components; all measurements are often taken directly with an oscilloscope. In the circuit, the (simulated) 'stiffness of the spring', for instance, can be changed by adjusting the parameters of a capacitor. The electrical system is an analogy to the physical system,so the name, but it's less costly to construct, generally safer, and typically much easier to switch.

Therefore, each problem must be scaled to its parameters and dimensions—e.g., the expected magnitudes of the speed and therefore the position of a spring pendulum.

These electric circuits can also perform a wide variety of simulations. For example, voltage can simulate water pressure and current can simulate rate of flow in terms of cubic meters per second. An integrator can provide the total accumulated volume of liquid, using an input current proportional to the flow rate.

The precision of a computer is restricted by the word size; arbitrary-precision arithmetic, while relatively slow, provides any practical degree of precision which may be needed.In most cases the precision of an analogue computer is completely sufficient given the uncertainty of the model characteristics and its technical parameters.

2. Digital Computer- Digital Computers works with digital signals. An advanced PC works legitimately on decimal digit that speaks to either discrete information or images. It changes over the information into digits and afterward all activities are done on these digits at amazingly quick rates. Digit PC fundamentally realizes how to tally the digits.

Computers utilized for business and logical application are advanced PCs.

Digital computer is a computer machine which is both an electronic computer and digital computer. A computer can perform its operations within the decimal numeration system . A digital computer isn't necessarily a transistorized computer before the arrival of the transistor.

3. Hybrid Computer – Hybrid Computers uses both Analog signals and Digital signals. Hybrid computer use the best characteristics of both simple and advanced computers. They are appropriate for circumstance where advanced preparing of information gathered in simple structure is alluring.

For instance – in a medical clinic emergency unit gadgets may quantify a patient's heart work, temperature and so forth these estimations may then be changed over into numbers and provided to advanced gadgets. Different territories are guided rocket framework new airplane plan and so forth .

Hybrid computers can be used to contain a good but relatively imprecise seed value using an analog computer front-end. Hybrid computers have the facility of a computer and, when the keyboard is detached, the portability of a tablet.

A hybrid computer is a computing system that combines both digital signals and analog signals. The digital components lookout of logical and numerical operations, additionally to serving because the controller for the system.

Types of Computer- Based on Size:

Educator Computer Definition/Computer Basics ,

Computer can be classified on the basis of size:

1. Micro-Computer

2. Mini- Computer

3. Mainframe- Computer

4. Super Computer

1. Micro-Computer or PCs

A microcomputer is a computer whose CPU is a chip. A microchip is a processor the entirety of whose part is on a solitary incorporated circuit chip.

Computer is a sort of Mini-er scale computer. Computers are called so on the grounds that they are intended for individual utilization of individual or individual private venture units' office mechanization unit or experts. Pc can be utilized for assortment of uses like computer proficiency, silly buffoonery, business applications, programming and so on.

Types of Micro Computer:

• Desktop Computer

• Laptop Computer

• Palmtop Computer, Digital Diary ,Notebook ,PDAs.

Some run of the mill machines are–DCM Tandy, Apple-II, BBC Acorn, IBM-PC , Pentium.

2. Mini Computer – They are littler rendition of the Mainframe- servers. By and large they offer a similar figuring power as greater partners. The most significant favorable position of a scaled down PC over the fundamental edge is that it is less expensive in cost littler in size and solid. It doesn't require cooling and can be worked in room temperature.

Primary utilized of these frameworks is in instruction in nearby government word preparing and so forth in business they are being utilized for including stock finance and so forth. it is commonly utilized as server framework on systems with PCs as hubs.

3. Mainframe Computer – they are extremely enormous in size and offer the most extreme figuring power. An enormous number of peripherals can be connected to them. They are commonly utilized in huge systems of PCs with the Mainframe- computer being model purpose of the system. They utilized satellites for systems administration.

A common application is the carrier framework. It has a Mainframe- computer PC at their administrative center where data of the considerable number of battles is put away. Little PCs are introduced at the booking workplaces are connected to focal information bank, so that exceptional data of all flights is constantly accessible.

4. Super Computer – They are generally costly of the considerable number of PCs. These PCs are large universally useful PCs fit for executing in excess of 10,000 millions guidance for every second and have capacity limits of a large number of bits per chip. These PCs are utilized to take care of the multi-variate numerical issues, for example, nuclear atomic and plasma material science seismology, optimal design and so on.

Super PC are commonly equipped for taking care of countless coasting point. Activities every second (MFLOPS). The speed of super PCs for the most part estimated in "Failures" (Floating Point Operations Per Second).

Super PCs are utilized for profoundly figuring serious errands, for example, climate determining, atmosphere inquire about, sub-atomic demonstrating, physical recreation, and cryptanalysis and like military and Scientific offices are overwhelming clients.

Some super PCs are – Cray 1, Cray 2, Cray 3 perform 10 billions activity for each second, Param, Cyber 810&830 and so forth.